Medical beliefs of pre-literate and pre-historical peoples made little Research Paper

Medical beliefs of pre-literate and pre-historical peoples made little logical sense - Research Paper Example The societies in the past believed in supernatural and natural ways of curing and treating diseases. This means that, some diseases were believed to originate from supernatural evil spirits, sorcery or gods while others were believed to originate from the society (Lalita, 1984, p. 80). The medicine men in those days believed that the evil spirits were fabricated by sorcerers, and this could hamper a person’s body and result to illness. This spirits could only be removed from a person through the skull and not from any other body organ because they believed that the spirits were held in the brains. Among many other treatments done to the people possessed by the spirits, ‘Shaman’- the medicine man was supposed to trephine the skull (Edited Guide Entry, 2001). Today, anthropologists have developed an intimate understanding of the beliefs, that the society could not invent medicines and drugs to cure and heal the diseases. This is because the treatment of the diseases was not based on body tests of the sick, but from the beliefs. This made the victims to be subjected to treatments that they did not deserve, and hence was a serious threat to their survival. Some treatments like trepanning, which involved drilling of holes into the human skull to expose the ‘dura mater’, are extremely crucial to the anthropologists and scientists. They can clearly understand the era or the human evolution stage and hence understand the number of years that the place was inhabited. However, such practices have been used as a benchmark for developing safe human skull surgery by scientists (Dayrit et al, 2003, p. 89). From the studies done in the past by the anthropologists, it is evident that different ailments and diseases that were common in the prehistoric period are not prevalent today. Diseases like osteoarthritis were caused by lifting heavy materials, which

Wigand vs. brown and Williamson- ethical issues Essay

Wigand vs. brown and Williamson- ethical issues - Essay Example ere not only grounded on the dangers accompanied smoking but also the fact that the company was adding chemicals to the cigarettes and this made the consumption of such cigarettes more addictive to the consumers. First, there was ethical violation of the consumers’ rights. Apart from the fact that the company endangered the lives of the people, it was also unlawfully and corruptly obtaining wealth from the unsuspecting consumers. When investigation was instituted by the CBS, Wigand was convinced by Lowell Bergman to make his testimony proving the allegation through an interview. In the process of doing that, Wigand found himself in an awkward situation that put his entire life at risk. The information he provided regarding this malpractice was treated with contempt. He suffered a lot of harassment and faced numerous threats because of such crucial information. The point of interest was that the CBS did not air the interview and the information that was presented by Wigand despite the risk he had taken. The main reason that the CBS gave for the failure to air the interview was the fear of litigation by the company. The CBS had broken law in this matter because of the omission. As a fourth estate, it was important that they work at the interest of the people and not base their actions on fear of actions being taken by the company. This was one of the major ethical dilemmas that CBS had placed itself in. It was now serving its own interests based on assumption rather than the interest of the people. It was revealed that the management of the CBS has chosen not to air the interview purely for monetary reasons. According to the study, it was revealed that the CBS did not want to taint their name with any legal issues particularly litigations, considering that they were at the verge of selling their company with the Westinghouse, and negotiatio ns were at critical level. This envisaged litigation was seen to have the potential of lowering the company stock.

Strategies to Develop Health Literacy

Strategies to Develop Health Literacy Table of Contents 1. Introduction about health literacy 2. Relation between primary healthcare and health literacy 3. Health literacy related to elders 4. Health literacy related to diabetes specifically in elders 5. Conclusion 6. References 1. Introduction about health literacy Many citizens have problem in understanding the information about issues related to health. About 9 /10 persons have some problems with awareness related to health. Health literacy is the aptitude to acquire the health information anyone require and to be aware of it. It is also relating to the information to generate good decisions about his physical condition and medical care. Low health literacy can destruct your fitness. On a daily basis, people tackle situations that involve life-changing decisions about their health. These conclusions are ended in places such as grocery and medication supplies, workplaces, playgrounds, doctors place of works, and hospitals (Safeer Keenan, 2005). Obtaining, communicating, dispensation, and understanding healthiness information and services are necessary steps in making suitable health decisions; however, many research activities indicates that nowadays health information is presented in modes that are not exploitable by most grown persons. Inad equate health literacy happens when people cant locate and utilize the health information and examinations they require. As the idea of health literacy has developed, there has been heterogeneity in its meaning and its understanding regarding how it communicates to health. More freshly, there has been superior emphasis on the viewpoint that health literacy stand for not only the expertise required by an person to route health based information, but also the claims of the health scheme in terms of the deliverance of instructions (St Leger, 2001). Pathetic health literacy competencies resulted in less healthy options, riskier behavior, poor health, with a reduction of self-management and further hospitalization. They considerably drain human plus financial sources in the health organization. Policy act to tackle the health literacy disaster has been sluggish to materialize at all stages. This article aims to assist to change this condition. The series of proof presented sustains a wider idea of health literacy that believes both a personal level of health literacy as well as the complexities of the circumstances within which person act (DeWalt, 2005). Assessment of health literacy in clinical practice stays a source of dispute. It has been recommended that we ought to practice ‘universal safety measures’ and stick to clear communication approaches that every patients can employ effectively. Additionally, it is significant to distinguish that deprived literacy handiness are often linked with sturdy feelings of disg race and awkwardness for patients. Considering this fear, more recent support has been to assess patient’s knowledge and literacy abilities and, during organizational tactics, to provide essential psychosomatic plus emotional supports, remembering that dipping the claims of our ‘system’ is at the center of improving health related literacy (Baur, 2010). 2. Relation between primary healthcare and health literacy A primary health scheme that is suitable and universally available needs an active schedule based on investigation of approaches to tackle low health literacy, whereas health care givers should be attentive to the extensive troubles of health literacy which cover all age stages. Primary health care is a wide field that includes health endorsement, illness avoidance, care of the unwell, support and community progress (Keleher Hagger, 2007). The primary health division comprises a variety of services including common practice, society and women’s health checks, and government plus non-government services. It is closely associated with a variety of community-based public support and wellbeing sectors. 3. Health literacy related to elders The disputes of making logic of health information are particularly huge for the increasing fraction of natives aged 65 years and elder. Older grown-ups have more persistent illnesses and exercise more health care facilities than other sections of the people, and they face exclusive issues associated to physical plus cognitive performance that can compose it hard for them to locate and use suitable health information. The share of the elderly plus very old in the people of developed countries is increasing quickly. These persons have more sicknesses than younger group and use a uneven share of prescription and OTC (over-the-counter) drugs. These issues, mutual with age-related alters in pharmacokinetics plus pharmacodynamics, compose the elderly people in whom medicine use is particularly probable to be marred by grave adverse consequences and drug-drug interactions. They consequently should obtain medicines only when totally essential for well-defined signs and at the lowest efficie nt doses. Prospectively described end tips, suitable supervision of drug levels, and repeated appraisals of the patients medicine record, with discontinuation of those medicines that did not realize the wanted end point, would really get better the health of the old population (Wolf, Gazmararian, Baker, 2005). 4. Health literacy related to diabetes specifically in elders Older persons and their caregivers require dependable health information to stop and supervise disease, endorse their health plus follow public health advices and cautions. Yet, dissimilarities in access to proper teaching and literacy guidance, the difficulty and technological life of physical condition information, and the usual processes of age may compromise elder adults capability to employ health information and construct logic of messages. The trade of multifaceted fitness information between patients, contributors, health associations and the community is often explained as health literacy (Cavanaugh, 2011). In diabetes, health literacy is connected to diabetes information, self-efficiency and self-care performances and glycemic organize. Health literacy can also offer a better perception of ethnic disparities scrutinized in persons with diabetes. The various strategies to tackle health literacy, based on this perceptive of its responsibility give a means to advance diabetes care.It is necessary that patients suffering with diabetes have a kind of the symptoms of hyperglycemia and how to correctly self-administer medicines to manage diabetes. Poor health literacy has been always linked with bad diabetes information in a diversity of settings with hospitalized elder patients. Self-effectiveness of diabetes care has been considerably linked with self-care conducts and glycemic management. Using a diversity of tools, numerous earlier studies have inspected health literacy and diabetes control (Kim, Love, Quistberg, Shea, 2004). While health literacy has been linked with a lot of health performances, there has been modest proof till date from patients suffering with diabetes. Assessments of health literacy have not passed to reveal significant alliances with devotion to diet, blood glucose monitoring under customary care conditions. Given that medicine management is elementary to diabetes concern. Further research is required to make a decision the extent of impact that health literacy proficiency may have on this significant self-care performance. Recognizing that poor health literacy is general and linked with many aspects of diabetes care – counting significant outcomes and strategies to tackle health literacy have been expanded, checked and promoted. The base of these suggested strategies rests with the values of obvious health communication, including evaluation of understanding, emphasizing not many key tips and using efficient printed materials (Funnell et al., 2012). 5. Conclusion We can do a great deal better in design and present health information that persons can use efficiently. We can construct our individual health literacy abilities and assist others—society members, health experts, and anybody else who converses about physical condition—construct their skills also. Every association engaged in health in order and checks requires its own health literacy arrangement to get better its managerial practices. The sources will assist you learn about health literacy questions, extend skills, generate an action arrangement, and relate what to learn to make physical condition information and checks that truthfully make a optimistic dissimilarity in peoples lives. Understanding the association among health literacy behaviors should improve attempts to advance diabetes conclusions. Expanding educational agendas for patients with poor literacy may decrease difference in diabetes results connected to literacy position. 6. References Baur, C. (2010). National Action Plan to Improve Health Literacy: US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Cavanaugh, K. L. (2011). Health literacy in diabetes care: explanation, evidence and equipment. Diabetes Management, 1(2), 191-199. DeWalt, D. A. (2005). Health literacy from A to Z: Practical ways to communicate your health message. Preventing Chronic Disease [Electronic Resource], 2(2). Funnell, M. M., Brown, T. L., Childs, B. P., Haas, L. B., Hosey, G. M., Jensen, B., et al. (2012). National standards for diabetes self-management education. Diabetes Care, 35(Supplement 1), S101-S108. Keleher, H., Hagger, V. (2007). Health literacy in primary health care. Australian Journal of Primary Health, 13(2), 24-30. Kim, S., Love, F., Quistberg, D. A., Shea, J. A. (2004). Association of health literacy with self-management behavior in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 27(12), 2980-2982. Safeer, R. S., Keenan, J. (2005). Health literacy: the gap between physicians and patients. American family physician, 72(3). St Leger, L. (2001). Schools, health literacy and public health: possibilities and challenges. Health promotion international, 16(2), 197-205. Wolf, M. S., Gazmararian, J. A., Baker, D. W. (2005). Health literacy and functional health status among older adults. Archives of Internal Medicine, 165(17), 1946-1952.

The Naming of Domino Park in Miami :: Little Havana Cuban Community

The Naming of Domino Park Domino Park resides in one of the predominantly Cuban districts of the greater Miami area. It is located on the corner of Calle Ocho and fifteenth-avenue in Little Havana. Domino Park is a gathering place for the men and women of Little Havana. They have congregated in the mini-park for years, challenging each other to domino games. Although players sometimes choose to challenge each other to games of chess, the main staple of the park is dominos. The park received its nickname, Domino Park, for that very reason. Before the construction of Domino Park, which occurred in 1976, the men of Little Havana played dominos on the corner of fifteenth-avenue. They would sit directly across from the Tower Theater and played well into the night. Originally, the players used shaky tables and a rigged, lighting system. The city of Miami spent $115,000 to build the park's magnificent architecture. Beth Dunlop, of the Miami Herald, offers the following description of Domino Park in her January 6, 1983, article, "Don't Fence in Domino Park": There are two barrel-tile-roofed pavilions, really just to give shade from the sun and shelter from the rain, and a matching storage shed, which houses the rest rooms as well. And then there's the main event- tables, set, as the pavilions are, at an angle to the street corner. The arrangement of the tables and pavilions is the key to the park's architecture, and it serves two purposes here, both important: Angling them to open out onto the street corner is essentially Cuban, suggestive of Havana, and it is also an effective way to squeeze a lot of domino players into a tiny space. (C2) Dunlop's focus on the nostalgic touches inherent within the architecture of the park is particularly important.

Mountain Dew

To gain the market share in the urban centers, it would be interesting to see how Mountain Dew differentiate the product from the competition and whether the benefits of the reduce are communicated effectively using the right channels and propose a redesign of the marketing campaign that could have a universal appeal. According to Finch (2012), the deployment of advertising and other promotional resources for a given brand is dependent upon the strategic goals for market segmentation, product differentiation, and positioning.The current market for Mountain Dew is comprised of 70 percent of white soda drinkers and the marketing would expand their product awareness among young African Americans and Latino In the urban centers. As a marketing campaign, Mountain Dew had endorsed hip-hop singer Oil Wayne to tract the teens and youth In ass because this age group more Inclined towards help- hop (Stanford, 2012).According to the author of the article, Mountain Dew Wants Some Street Creed, 4 5 percent of the energetic caffeine-laced sugary drink is sold in the gas stations and convenience store, endorsing Mexican-American professional skateboarder Paul Rodriguez is a good move. Teens go to the nearest store on their skateboard could relate to P-Rod and would be influenced to purchase Mountain Dew because their favorite star is appealing to them to be have Mountain Dew. Brett O'Brien is targeting the right market segment, which are teens and young adults in ass by strategically endorsing youth stars including Country star Jason Alden.The marketing strategy Is right on the money because the present youth might become loyal to the brand and the future youth would grow watching the present youth drinking Mountain Dew to quench their thirst. Therefore, targeting young audience Is profitable strategy for Mountain Dew In the short and long run. Mountain Dew has differentiated its product from the competitors. Firstly, the green colored drink is cadged in green bottles and cans make Mountain Dew to be easily identifiable. Secondly, PepsiCo had collaborated with Complex Media to advertise its biggest soft- drink brand, Mountain Dew, on a new Web site, Green-Label. Mom (Elliott, 2013). Thirdly, PepsiCo is committed to market its most profitable brand, Mountain Dew, among the diverse younger generation by including famous artists, which could build brand awareness. Recently, Mountain Dew had invited consumers to shoot a promotional ad called Tweezed with Grammar winner (Stanford, 2012). Lastly, the TV advertisements of Mountain Dew such as â€Å"Yahoo! Mountain Dew! â€Å", Shore at shooting†, and â€Å"This Is How We Dew† differentiate Mountain Dew as a high profile brand In PepsiCo portfolio.Mountain Dew is eyeing on capturing market share In the urban centers and the Southern US border stretching from California to Louisiana (Stanford, 2012). This could be done by wooing the potential young consumers rather than no benefits of the soft drin k, therefore, the marketing team of Mountain Dew had made efforts not add any benefits in their advertisement. However, the commercials of Oil Wayne and P-Rod are designed to communicate the Dew message that â€Å"they ill be able to do what they do with energy† in the new markets said Brett O'Brien (Stanford, 2012).Mountain Dew could explore some opportunities to redesign the promotional campaign to appeal to the larger audience at once. FIFE world cup is coming soon. Mountain Dew could partner with international soccer players from Mexico to woo young Latino and endorse African American foot ball players to attract young blacks. According to Elliott (2013), Mountain Dew had spent $108 million dollars on advertisement in major media in last five years in addition to endorsement deals. Considering this marketing cost, a thought of creating a Mountain Dew Anthem by including all the stars from diverse backgrounds would appeal the masses.This will create a brand image of Mounta in Dew not within US borders but in foreign markets as well. The forthcoming FIFE world cup will be watched throughout the world; therefore, it is an excellent opportunity for Mountain Dew to advertise its brand using the mainstream media, which is television and radio. Social media such as Backbone and Youth are effective means of communicating the message the Mountain Dew. Mountain Dew is a leading brand of PepsiCo and the marketing team is designing campaign to regain the lost share and attract young African Americans and Latino in the urban centers.The marketing strategy of Mountain Dew to endorse various stars from different backgrounds is a good strategy to appeal the teens and young adults in ass. If Mountain Dew could adopt the proposed strategy to create a Mountain Dew Anthem by integrating variety of domestic and international celebrities, it will appeal the entire younger generation at once. Big screen television is in great demand throughout the world. LCD, LED, and Plas ma TV's fall into the category of big screen TV's. The product that I would like to introduce into the market is DTV.A TV that will not only display a picture but also gives an experience of AD effect at home. There is huge market in the developed countries and the emerging economies, which will appreciate a AD TV in the living room and/or bedroom. The reason I want to develop and launch a AD TV is that it does not exist in the market. The current products available are LCD, Plasma, and a recent addition of LED technology. Many manufacturers does offer a AD feature which be enjoyed with AD glasses. Without AD glasses, a TV will be a regular TV. My product would not require glasses for consumers to wear.Consumers can bring the experience of AD movie theatres and AD theme parks at home. This product will benefit all ages. Watching a movie at home in AD would bring a revolution in the industry. For example, imagine a family is watching Avatar or Star War movies at home in AD and does n ot need to go to IMAX theatre. Children would be able to feel their favorite cartoon characters right next to them. There is one huge market segment that would be benefited with AD TV is video games lover. It would be Jaw-dropping moment for hem when they will find out that their favorite can be played in AD environment.Obviously, video game companies need to work in this direction as well. To make and dedicated team need to put their heart and soul into this project to reach the customers with a most awaited product. It is a challenging project and the most difficulty I am facing while compiling a marketing plan is to perform a competitor's analysis. I would like to know whether Samsung, Panasonic, or Sony is in this race. What is their market position? If the competitor would be competing for the entire market or one specific market segment? What are strengths and weaknesses of the competitor?The response to these questions would be crucial for my marketing plans. In addition, I w ill be working with my team in close relation to define the strategies to implement plan with success. Additional information required to make most informed strategic decisions are SOOT analysis of my company, a primary marketing strategies required to target above mentioned market segmentations, an alternative marketing strategy, and a final (best) strategy that will implemented using up's of marketing to create a brand image. Samsung 10 changes need to be met.Ensure that customers are satisfied with the product purchased; if there is dissatisfaction Samsung must understand why and do whatever is necessary to fix the issue. Most of the more important items are ensuring sales agencies and management continually provides training for marketing staff. This will ensure he or she have the latest information about all the products. Samsung 11 Conclusion Samsung holds a great deal of the global market for AD television. A through and detailed analysis of the global AD television market ha s been detailed by Samsung. The SOOT analysis reveals industry trends, the effects of intention, and outside threats.

Describe How the Uses of Plant Fibres and Starch May Contribute

Describe how the uses of plant fibres and starch may contribute to sustainability How can plant fibres be used? First of all the plant fibres have to be extracted from the plant itself. The process of extraction often used is called retting. Retting involves using water or micro-organisms to dissolve or rot away the cellular tissues surrounding the bast-fibre bundles. Afterwards the fibres are obtained; usually they extract very long sclerenchyma cells and xylem tissue because of their good tensile strength. From this many materials can be made, here are a couple of examples: ? Wood fibres – can be used to make paper from trees Sisal fibres – are obtained from Agave Sisalana and these fibres are used in the construction of cars, furniture, plastics and even paper. Uses of starch and plant based products to replace oil-based products Canvas Bags – Canvas bags is a product sweeping the nation to help us rid the use of plastic oil-based plastic bags. Canvas bags are made from linen, which are fibres extracted for the flax plant, canvas bags also contain cotton, which is extracted from the cotton bag. The canvas bag is an ingenious product because not only can it replace the oil-based (petroleum) plastic bags but they are also reusable and also sustainable. Related reading: Disadvantages of Plants Living on LandStarch Bags – Starch bags are a relatively unknown product, not as popular as a replacement as a canvas bag. However the starch bag is obtained from the starch within many plants. If the bag is no longer needed and discarded, they will soon decompose into carbon dioxide, water and biomass within 10-12 weeks, thus leaving no harmful residue behind. If you compare these to the oil-based products, they are a lot greener; this is because oil-based petroleum plastic bags give off a lot of air pollution and energy consumption to produce them.In addition to this if the plastic bags are discarded like many of them are (100 billion per year in USA), then they would not biodegrade (takes 1000 years) and could generate visual pollution and bring discomfort, and a lot of the time, death to many animals. Advantages and Disadvantages: Advantages – †¢Both the starch bags and the canvas bags (made of cotton and linen) are made from a sustainable source. †¢Canvas bags do not wear and tear. In addition to this they are stronger than oil-based plastic bags and won’t split under heavy pressure. Starch bags are biodegradable – If the starch bags are discarded they will decompose into non-harmful residue within 10-12 weeks of production. Disadvantages – †¢The land used to grow the cotton plants, flax plants and plants used to extract starch would be wasteful and take up plenty of ground. Because cotton is predominately grown in Africa and India (places where food is at a shortage and hunger is on the uprising), the land used for the cotton would take up much area that could be used for farming, farming that could lead to food for the local people.The introduction of canvas bags and starch bags has the potential to change the way we think about greener alternatives. Canvas bags already have become widespread popular, with millions of households across England owning at least one, however oil-based plastic bags are still the leading supermarket bag. I believe the production of starch bags and canvas bags are extremely important and should be developed further and advertised more, this will hopefully ensure that the production and use of oil-based plastic bags are eradicated completely.This in turn would: decrease the production of harmful gases into the atmosphere and cause less air pollution; it would decrease the visual pollution of discarded plastic bags, would save animals lives that could get caught in them or even choke on them. On the other hand, as previously mentioned, land taken up to grow plants for the bags would precious land that could be used for farming and could feed a lot of the local people.

Top 70 Customer Service Jobs That Are Hiring Today

Top 70 Customer Service Jobs That Are Hiring Today Customer service jobs exist in every industry. If you enter this field, your  job will be to work with customers to answer their questions, deal with their complaints, and serve as a   representative to offer information about what your company does and/or sells. Mostly your interactions will be via phone, but customer service representatives also interact with customers over email, live chat, or face-to-face. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,  although customer service representatives are employed in almost every  industry, the majority work in telephone call centers, credit and insurance agencies, banks, and retail stores.Here is a list of titles that fall under the Customer Service umbrella.Customer Service Job TitlesCall Center AnalystCall Center CoordinatorCall Center DirectorCall Center ManagerCall Center Project ManagerCall Center RepresentativeCall Center SupervisorCustomer Care CoordinatorCustomer Loyalty SpecialistCustomer Service AdministratorCustomer Se rvice AnalystCustomer Service SupervisorClient Services DirectorClient Services ExecutiveClient Services ManagerClient Success DirectorClient Success ManagerClient Success SpecialistClient TrainerCustomer AdvocateCustomer Development AnalystCustomer Development DirectorCustomer Development ManagerCustomer Development SpecialistCustomer Program ManagerCustomer Retention DirectorCustomer Retention SpecialistCustomer Retention SupervisorCustomer Service Account ManagerCustomer Service AssistantCustomer Service ManagerCustomer Service RepresentativeCustomer Service TrainerCustomer Solutions ManagerCustomer Solutions ProviderCustomer Success RepresentativeCustomer Support EngineerCustomer Support Project ManagerCustomer Support Team ManagerDirector of Customer RelationsDirector of Technical SupportFront End ManagerFront End SpecialistGreeterMembership AssistantMembership ConsultantMembership CoordinatorMembership DirectorMembership ManagerMembership RepresentativeProduct TrainerRetention ManagerSenior Technical Support EngineerService Delivery AnalystService Delivery DirectorService Delivery ManagerTechnical Services CoordinatorTechnical Support EngineerTechnical Support RepresentativeTechnical Support Team ManagerTelephone OperatorTelephone Operator SupervisorTicket ScannerVice President, Call CenterVP Client ServicesVP Customer RetentionWarranty AdministratorWarranty ManagerWarranty RepresentativeWarranty TechnicianWhile the specific duties and traits of customer service representatives vary by industry, the common thread successful employees will have are  people skills and an ability to retain and explain large amounts of knowledge about a product or company. Experience using computer software applications is key, and will increase your hireability.In order to enter this field, most jobs require you to have  a high school diploma or equivalent. According to BLS,  employment of customer service representatives is projected to grow 10 percent through 2024, faster than the average for all occupations, and the median hourly wage for the field  is around $15.25.